Essay on The Great Gatsby - 1254 Words

In Class Essay To what extent is The Great Gatsby a moral novel. Discuss. The society our nation lives in today has developed morals and principles through the lessons experienced from the past. The Roaring Twenties was a time of change and a chance to pave a path for the person you wanted to become. Morals and principles served as guidelines rather than rules and were merely preached that practiced. Thus, the severity of the immoral actions taking place created opportunities for lessons to be learned. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald illustrated various moral lessons through the downfall and corruption of various characters based on their immoral actions. The narrator, Nick Carraway is a young man who throughout the†¦show more content†¦This shows that one should never let love for another blind them from reality. Finally, after killing Myrtle, while feeling worried and guilty Daisy allows herself to let Gatsby blame the entire incident upon himself. She is aware of the consequences of committing a murder and yet she flees the a rea leaving those around her to clean up her mess. Although she may have escaped the outcome of her actions, Daisy would not be able to escape her guilty conscience. The Great Gatsby illustrates the consequences of allowing your judgment to be affected by emotions and so is definitely a moral novel. Not only does the novel teach us to keep our judgment clear of distractions, it also demonstrates that one should follow their own path and not others. Firstly, because Myrtle is bored with her own life she chooses to improve her situation by dating Tom attempting to fit into his wealthy lifestyle. With the influence of the dress her personality had also undergone a change.(33) Myrtle flaunts the dress as if it were something of her everyday life pretending to fit into the temporary life of material wealth. However her efforts to step onto Toms path of riches and social class prove hopeless as Tom treats her as merely an object of his desire. Furthermore, in order to win back the love of his life, Gatsby dedicates most of his life toShow MoreRelated Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Tog ether they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himself, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreThe Great Gatsby1168 Words   |  5 Pagesone must be born into it. Therefore in The Great Gatsby, by F-Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby fails to join the old money club because he exhibits his wealth to society. Gatsby possessions provides an indicator that he purchases items with eye appeal and flashiness which Old money typically never buys in order to impress or show off to others. They prefer to buy small non-noticeable items that skilled eyes will only know the true value of the merchandise. Gatsby on the other hand purchased a huge houseRead MoreThe Great Gatsby2449 Words   |  10 PagesI glanced seaward – and distinguished nothing except a single green light Possibly F. Scott Fitzgeralds masterpiece, The Great Gatsby is not just a magnificent story, but a lesson of societys flaws during the roaring 1920s. Fitzgeralds story creates an atmosphere of superficiality, dissatisfaction and dishonesty by the description of each character. With the economical growth, and the immoral society of the 1920’s ultimately brought corruption to desire of the American Dream and the chanceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby806 Words   |  3 Pagesthey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money...and let other people clean up the mess they had made... (P. 179). During the 20s, many peoples American dream was to go out, party and be free, the roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an explanation of how people acted. People went to parties, lived in luxurious homes, criticized each other, and wanted to achieve their dream by trying to live it. The Wilson marriage is a failure because its one-sidedRead MoreThe Grea t Gatsby647 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand the book. Endings of books are usually there to bring the novel to a close and deliver a life lesson at the end. All of the concepts and themes are in the body of the book and are well presented depending on the author. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the American Dream was the theme that was presented, and according to the story it is unachievable and just an infant fantasy that America portrays. While reading the story, the characters’ views on how their interpretation of the American DreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby607 Words   |  2 Pagesby the name of Jay Gatsby. Nick is the narrator who is sees a different side of Gatsby that sees him â€Å"great† aside from his wealth and corruption. Nick grew up in the Jazz age and it was replaced with the vitality, and favor of the artificial American dream. Gatsby’s life was full of winnings along with failures that followed him into death throughout the novel; never the less he achieves a form of â€Å"greatness† because of his morality in Nick’s perspective. In The Great Gatsby, Nick’s perspectiveRead MoreGreat Gatsby5612 Words   |  23 PagesThe Great Gatsby – Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Why is Nick Carraway made the narrator? The device of giving Nick the function of narrator lends psychic distance from the story. Nick is part of the action, yet he is not one of the principals. He shares some of the emotions and is in a position to interpret those of the others. However, the happens are not center on him. 2. What kind of relationship exists between Nick and the Buchanans? It is completely superficial. He speaks of themRead MoreThe Great Gatsby 565 Words   |  2 PagesIn the book The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan is a perplexing character. She is charming and pretty, yet her personality is almost robotic. Daisy has no sincere emotions; she only knows social graces and self-preservation. A materialistic society makes Daisy a jaded person who lacks any real depth. Gatsby remembers Daisy as the pretty girl from North Dakota he fell in love with when he was in the military. He soon sees that she is different, although he denies it, even toRead MoreNarratology in The Great Gatsby1308 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby demonstrates what Marie-Laure Ryan, H. Porter Abbott and David Herman state about what narratology should be. These theorists emphasize the importance of conflict, human experience, gaps and consciousness, among many other elements, in order for a story to be considered a narrative. The Great Gatsby shows these elements throughout the book in an essential way. This makes the reader become intrigued and desperate to know what will happen next. The Great Gatsby is unpredictableRead MoreModernism In The Great Gatsby1728 Words   |  7 Pages Modernism in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows the story of Jay Gatsby in the Jazz Age of the United States. Although this novel tells a fictional tale, it also gives readers a window into the social and economic environment of America in the time period following World War I. For this reason, The Great Gatsby is considered one of the most important examples of Modernism in American literature. The Modernist themes in this novel come

Sustainable Food Free Essays

Introduction: Stage 2 Food and hospitality, students are required to investigated sustainable practices of local Adelaide restaurants. In this investigation students will investigate and analyse â€Å"How and why are restaurant deciding to offer sustainable food in their menus?† Season produces and sustainable practice is currently an emerging trend within the food and hospitality industry with consumers becoming more knowledgeable, influencing local producers and local environment, proving local economic benefits. Why sustainable with food choices: Sustainable Agriculture is the production of food, fiber or other plants and animal produced using farming techniques which protects the environment, public health, human communities and animal welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sustainable foods should be produced, processed, brought, sold and eaten in ways that provided social benefits in which contribute to thriving local economies. By choosing sustainable foods not only protects the environment and public and personal health it also protects and empowers workers. How can people be more sustainable with their food? Food has become a global market as a result of high consumer demand, it is possible to purchase foods that are in and out of season all year round, in which are placed and sold in supermarkets as the outcome of the global market and integrated supply-chain. With the increasing market consumers are becoming more concerned with where their food is coming from, products manufacturing and local alternatives. There are many way for people to be more sustainable with their food. Such as; learning to cook, eating locally and seasonally, preserve the harvest and grow/produce your own products. As well as choosing certified sustainable food when shopping or dining is one of the simplest and effective way to help support the environments food production and sourcing. Critically analyse the sustainable practice a local restaurant or cafà © have implemented and why? Sarah’s sister’s is a well-known vegetarian/vegan cafà © in South Australia. Sarah sister cafà © thrives itself for being a sustainable and environmentally responsible business, all about minimising energy consumption and food wastage through the stages of the operation. Sarah’s Sisters Sustainable Cafà © uses fresh, seasonal local produce and beverage that provides a high-quality meal but also benefits the local producer and community, which minimises transportation of the produces thus better for the environment. How to cite Sustainable Food, Papers

Management Style free essay sample

Frazer is also worried if he should escalate his issues with Mazey’s boss about the stories his coworkers had shared. Frazer has gathered all this information on Mazey which has almost been liberating, but he must decide on how to handle this situation without jeopardizing his career. Chip Mazey will have to change his management style. Currently his management style is known as competing shark forcing. Forcing indicates a desire to meet your needs and a lack of interest in the needs of the other person involved in the conflict.Mazey is using his power as vice president to coerce associates in doing what he says. This style of conflict management produces a win and lose situation where Mazey would win and the associates will lose. However, if Mazey changed his characteristics in ways such as not always having to get his ways and listen to the associates ideals, that would be beneficial for everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next Mazey should not ridicule associates for their lack of knowledge or background from where they live.He should help associates to expand their knowledge and give them positive feedback which can motivate associates to do their best and making associates feel good about their accomplishments. Next Mazey would have to change his way of thinking by making his self feel vindicated while making the associates feel defeated. He can do this by taking the blame for his mistakes if he know he is wrong and apologize to the associates he has humiliated for his mistakes. Chip Mazey had been with Hudson 10 years and followed the kiss up, kick down mantra. Mazey always had trouble interacting with his peers, but after his promotion to Vice President, he was more ruthless to his subordinates than his peers. His verbal lashings were sharp, unrelenting, and unprovoked. He had developed a nasty reputation among analysts and associates. It was common for Mazey to yell at a subordinate in a rage, only to discover that he had made an error and there was no problem for example he denied that there were multiple buyers on a particular deal and he created a hostile deal environment for man of the concerned parties, but he never openly acknowledged he had made a mistake.Mazey was known for making his subordinates feel uncomfortable by having an associate to stand in a space in his office and point to a spot on the floor in front of his desk just to humiliate the associates with his power. Mazey also withheld information he was privy to when he gave the associates an assignment that would have been easier for her to complete within the three day t ime frame. While all along the assignment was not due for two weeks just to make the associate work harder and show he was in control. Then Mazey had another associates to come to work an hour early to prepare for a conference call the next morning. When there was no such meeting was ever planned just to show the associate his lack of concern of his feelings. Then Mazey was also known for getting a kick out of embarrassing associates for the lack of knowledge for something as small as not knowing how to order wine. In addition he has also made fun of the secretary who came from a poorer part of the city and where everyone seemed to have the same last name.From reading the case study we clearly know that something has to change immediately as the employees’ begin to feel as though they aren’t wanted and that they are ultimately not working to accomplish anything. Moving forward, we need to focus on possible solutions to overcome this issue. First, and foremost, we need to recognize that Mazey ultimately needs to change his management style—this would correct the issues altogether. Mazey needs to loosen up a bit when working alongside of others and get his power issues under control—as all the employees are now becoming very aggravated and uncomfortable working with him.As mentioned before, Mazey is currently operating on the competing shark management style—at the up most extreme—which isn’t right for this particular situation. Mazey needs to get on the board with the collaborating owl management style—which is a win-win environment. The collaborating owl management style will introduce a variety of things that will help Mazey be liked and easier to work with—for example, he will have to focus on identifying goals for the company and the relationships that are present.This management style will also help find solutions to problems that will be agreeable to all sides, as said before, is a win-win solution—with all negative feelings eliminated. Most often this management style is used when building or maintaining relationships is of most importance along with peer conflict being present. The only drawback with this management style is that it is very time consuming which means that Mazey will have to stick with it—basically do a 180 from where he is at right now. Mazey also needs to work on his relationships throughout the company as many of the employee’s dread performing/working with him. Continuing on, Frazer has done all his homework that will ultimately be used to either get Mazey off his power trip or even dismissed from his position. So what should Frazer do with all the information he has collected? With this being an ongoing issue and with all the people it has affected, Frazer needs to go upstairs and present his information with confidence.

Nick Carraway from Great Gatsby free essay sample

Is he a reliable narrator? What factors contribute to his perspective of what has taken place so far? Is he a character with which it is possible to empathise and trust? Nick Carraway, the narrator of The Great Gatsby, is introduced in a certain way by Fitzgerald in order to gain trust from the reader. He is shown to be looking back at time and explaining the events that have taken place. Therefore, this trust must be gained as time can askew facts and opinions; the reader must be able to empathise with the narrator and so be able to believe the judgments which he gives. Fitzgerald starts by explaining Nicks character in the first chapter. He is said to be able to reserve all judgments in order not to misinterpret other people. This is a necessary quality as it shows that his judgments are given after considerable thought and so must be accurate. We will write a custom essay sample on Nick Carraway from Great Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His tolerance is also boasted in order to make sure that readers do not think him as a biased narrator. Fitzgerald is also quite subtle in upholding Nicks intellectual personality by starting with the phrase in my younger and more vulnerable years which suggests that he has matured now. However, in order to make him seem real, he has also included the fact that his tolerance has a limit. This whole introduction tries to gain trust in the reader by explaining which characteristics make Nick a reliable narrator. Furthermore, Nick is described to have a family from a prominent, well-to-do people . He has been educated at New Haven university as has his father. All this suggest he is knowledgeable and has been brought up in a good environment. This may give a reason to why he has a higher sense of morality than most other people. All this gives the impression that he is well educated and so well informed as well as reliable in his judgments. The background on his life helps establish the relationship with the reader. Moreover, he tries to distance himself from what is occurring in the book by focussing on the actions of others and giving detailed descriptions of his surroundings. The extent of this description may show the reader how vivid his memories; this will give an impression of him being trustworthy. Also, he rarely describes his own actions within the text, often remarking I told him instead of his conversation. In my opinion, although this may be an attempt to hide his opinions and stay factual, it makes it increasingly difficult for the reader to empathise with him as they never know what definitely transpired during the events in the book. Additionally, I find that he often incorporates his opinions within the text by trying to build the picture of an entity in a certain way. His use of language here becomes extremely important. He often uses negative words to describe things which he detests; these are very subtle ways for him to give a certain impression of thing in the readers mind. For example, he describes the dog Tom buys Myrtle as having a brown washrag of a back – this is obviously his opinion and may be interpreted differently by other people. These opinions are given with less subtlety further on in the book when the reader has established a relationship with Nick and trusts his judgment. However, his judgment can be questioned when it comes to his interest in Daisy and Jordan as it may seem to askew his chain of thought. On his first meeting with Daisy, he seems extremely positive in whatever he says about her and his increasing interest makes it seem that his opinions here may not be completely reliable. Nevertheless, he manages the gain the trust of the reader by explaining his character and giving reasons for his reliability. He tries to keep to the facts and distances himself from the event. In the third chapter, he speaks directly to the reader and starts explaining what else he has done in the past weeks. The way he says he has read over his work makes it seem that all words chosen before were done so purposely and all facts given should be accurate. Overall, I would say that the narrator does gain the trust of his audience but his judgments in some areas of the text can be questionable.

Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism

Hinduism is a collection of the spiritual beliefs of the Indian people followed by nearly 85% of the country’s population. Unlike many other religions it does not have one person that can be called the founder. Instead, Hinduism slowly took shape first as a source of help and guidance to obtain practical, real world necessities and later as a spiritual religion like that of today. The evolution of Hinduism was initially influenced by two factors, geography and agriculturally fertile land. First, geographic isolation provided by the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the oceans to all other directions protected India from outside invaders and influences. This allowed the Indian society to remain unchanged for centuries. Consequently, when Indian people felt unhappiness with their lives they did not seek to change society instead they sought change from within themselves. Secondly, the strong agricultural tradition of the society provided a deep connection and understan ding of nature and its cycles. As early agricultural people they sought a religion that would help them to survive their difficult living conditions. Much later they would seek to explain the spiritual world. The religion began with the Indus people who inhabited India before 2700 B.C.E. Many of the basic characteristics of the religion came from this culture including a great respect for and fixation with water. The Indus people had amazingly well developed and carefully planned cities including intricate water and sewage systems. Buildings were constructed on a grid pattern with sewers built under the roads and each house had its own source of water and toilet that could be flushed out to the sewers. This preoccupation with water was surely born because of the importance of water to an agricultural society in an arid climate but it would later carry over to religious practices. Another aspect of Hinduism that originated from this culture is the pract... Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism Free Essays on Brief Summary Of Hinduism Hinduism is a collection of the spiritual beliefs of the Indian people followed by nearly 85% of the country’s population. Unlike many other religions it does not have one person that can be called the founder. Instead, Hinduism slowly took shape first as a source of help and guidance to obtain practical, real world necessities and later as a spiritual religion like that of today. The evolution of Hinduism was initially influenced by two factors, geography and agriculturally fertile land. First, geographic isolation provided by the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the oceans to all other directions protected India from outside invaders and influences. This allowed the Indian society to remain unchanged for centuries. Consequently, when Indian people felt unhappiness with their lives they did not seek to change society instead they sought change from within themselves. Secondly, the strong agricultural tradition of the society provided a deep connection and understan ding of nature and its cycles. As early agricultural people they sought a religion that would help them to survive their difficult living conditions. Much later they would seek to explain the spiritual world. The religion began with the Indus people who inhabited India before 2700 B.C.E. Many of the basic characteristics of the religion came from this culture including a great respect for and fixation with water. The Indus people had amazingly well developed and carefully planned cities including intricate water and sewage systems. Buildings were constructed on a grid pattern with sewers built under the roads and each house had its own source of water and toilet that could be flushed out to the sewers. This preoccupation with water was surely born because of the importance of water to an agricultural society in an arid climate but it would later carry over to religious practices. Another aspect of Hinduism that originated from this culture is the pract...

5715067945 Essays - Economy, Finance, Financial Services

5715067945Chapter OneIntroduction 0Chapter OneIntroduction 1.1 Introduction:Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep city in their heart to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment ofIslamibank Bangladesh limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from march 30, 1983.This bank is the first of its kind in southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest free profit- loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic developmen t bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of Middle East and the gulf counties, Islamic bank Bangladesh limited has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial bank in Bangladesh.As the competition of the business world become more and more severe, businessman had no alternative banking premises and many of them were getting involved in the traditional banking. But the tradition banking is based on interest, which is fully prohibited in Islam. To overcome this problem, Muslim scholars, philosophers, economistsetc, were thinking to establish a newinterest free banking structure right from the 1940s. At last they succeeded to formulate an appropriate Islamic Banking structure. Islamic bank does not give more importance only on earning profit but also try to ensure social welfare in term of its activities.This report has shown that theIslamiBank Bangladesh Limited is pioneer in introducingshari'a hbased interest free banking in Bangladesh with a mission to establish welfare oriented banking system and to ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities. This report mostly focuses on foreign exchange activities of IBBL. 1.2 Background of Study:After the completion of theoretical courses of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), each student is required to do internship in different organizations to have some practical knowledge and experience of the job exposure and to be familiar with the official environment thereof.Thereport wasprepared based on an internship program. This is a requirement of the internship programarranged by Department of Finance, Faculty of Business,Northern University Bangladesh. Each intern must carry out a specific report, which was assigned by the supervisor approved by the department of finance, faculty of Business Studies,Northern University Bangladesh.As I hadbeen selected for theIslamiBank Bangladesh Limited by the Bank Ista rted my realistic orientation program in New Market branch of IBBL. 1.3 Objective of the Study:The internship onIslamiBank Bangladesh Limited. Study on New Market Branch has prepared to fulfill the particular requirement of the internship program as 3 credit of the BBA program of the university and to explore Islamicshariahaspects and financing modes regarding Foreign exchange activities. The Main Objectives:The first objective of thereportfulfilling the partial requirements of the BBA program. Theprimary objective of this reportisto measure the Foreign Exchange activities of IBBL in New Market Branch.The specific objectives can be stated as under:To know LC.To understanding the procedure of opening LC.To know the Foreign Exchange Activities.To know the exchange rate.How to fix the exchange rate?To know different currency.To know the procedure of Import and Export.To know the importance of LC.To know the exchange rate risk.To know the overall activities of Foreign Exchange Division of IBBL. 1.4 Significance of the Study:The programhelpedme to understand the organization norms, corporate culture, investment decision and customer satisfaction of an organization. The topicwasveryquietinteresting this will encourage me to put my effort to analyze

ELL Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELL Concepts - Research Paper Example The notion of â€Å"providing practice† is generally defined as the praxis of supplying practice-based items so that learners have â€Å"multiple opportunities† (Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn, 2007). A guided practice includes the finding of, or comprehending, the subtle distinction of the words â€Å"downpour,† â€Å"drizzle,† and â€Å"sprinkle,† which according to Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn are different descriptions of the fall of precipitation. Since the characteristic of explicit skill instruction is routine or repetitive, English Language Learners are gradually able to acquire these words. Giving this kind of learners an ample time for them to practice is undoubtedly empirical. Muniz-Swicegood argues that students who received explicit skill instruction and guided practice â€Å"can then practice the skills and strategies they have learned† (as cited in Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn). This practice could be done substantially through group discussion or interaction. Such strategy certainly increases the interaction among English Language Learners. Question 2 The basic stages of second language acquisition have great implication both to the teacher’s pedagogy and to the L2 student.

Olde good thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olde good thing - Essay Example However, the extreme contrast of the peaceful Emma’s voice and the third world neighborhood surroundings created melancholy emotion. Similar to the title of the song I was listening to, once upon a time, the town had its Renaissance period; Things like street lights and big buildings were old, but they didn’t look cheap. I could not find the antique shop I was looking for, so I made a couple of detours, and I finally found it. However, since there was no parking lot, I had to go to public parking across the street. Then, I had to walk a hundred yards to get to the shop. Walking a street like that was truly fearful in Detroit even in daytime, but there was something that told me it was okay to take a walk with an expensive camera on my neck. Anyway, my instinct made me keep looking at my back as an African meerkat. There were a few homeless people with grocery carts, but no hazardous elements. The building I was walking to was a simple rectangular shape with antique detailed ornaments around its windows. I guess it was once a fancy condominium. A fenced vacant lot in front of the building made the hood seem even more desolate. One corner of the building wall was filled with ugly graffiti. The building was combined with two different buildings connected together; the big one was white-painted brick building, and the smaller one was a red brick building. The red one had faded soot around its windows. I thought there had been a serious fire long ago. There were many traffic signs around the building with scribbled notes on some of them. Above the main entrance, it said, ‘Architectural Treasure’ in black paint on white background. Next to the main entrance, an eerie clown face about five feet tall was laughing at me. As tall as the scary face, a big yellow pencil that had red eraser on the other side diagonally stood next to the clown. The store was based on a foundation of

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay Example for Free

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas presents ideas about World War 2 and the holocaust. The movie shows what fear and Punishment and the innocence of childhood would have been like during WW2 and the holocaust. During World War 2 and the holocaust, fear within the Jewish race was created by the soldiers. Soldiers had the power and right to abuse and attack the Jewish people â€Å"when it pleased them. † Under Hitler, the soldiers had the next amount of ultimate power and used it to their advantage to pressure the Jewish people under the influence that if they misbehave they will be punished. In the movie ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ this fear is seen when Lieutenant Kotler walks into the dining room and sees Schmuel eating a pastry and Bruno talking to him. The Lieutenant is shot from a low camera angle to show his power and strength. Schmuel and Brunos eyes widen and jagged breaths escape from their mouths as the soldier interrogates them with his strong, stern voice about the pastry and the talking that was occurring, Because of the fear with which the lieutenant filled the boys, Bruno lies to Lieutenant Kotler because he is afraid of what will happen. He betrays his only friend and Schmuel is the one who gets the beating for it. Fear is also shown in the film when Bruno’s mother discovers the true information of what it happening a few hundred metres from her home. She confronts her husband and is stricken with fear for what is happening to the Jewish race, she cowers in the corner in a foetal position as her husband come close to support her and explain himself. The camera is above her, which show how small and insignificant she is and how large and fearful her husband can be. The fear created and explored in the movie The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas displays what it would have been like for the Jewish race during World War 2 and the Holocaust. The holocaust and World War 2 was a time of punishment and pain for the Jewish race. The Jewish race was punished for not fitting into Hitler’s idea of a â€Å"perfect race. † Punishment wasn’t just for those who did something wrong. A Jew could be punished for looking at a guard the wrong way or making a small error that would be considered insignificant in any other situation. Punishments could vary from a beating, to a bashing to the death chamber. In the movie ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ punishment on a Jew is seen when Lieutenant Kotler bumps the servant Pavel while he is pouring red wine. It’s not Pavel’s fault but because he is Jewish he is be blamed for the soldier’s mistakes. The Lieutenant drags the servant into the hall way and begins to bash him while the family are in the next room eating in silence, listening to the punishment that Pavel is enduring. Another Example of Punishment in ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is when Lieutenant Kotler find Schmuel and Bruno talking in the dining room. The Lieutenant see’s Schmuel eating a pastry a questions the boys. When he finds Schmuel ‘guilty’ of stealing food he is taken away. The next day when Bruno goes on his adventure to the camp the audience can see that Schmuel has been punished for his actions. Schmuel is shown to have had a beating and as a result he has a swollen eye with cuts and bruises all over his body. The Punishment that seen throughout â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† displays what it would have been like during the holocaust and World War 2 for the Jewish race. During World War 2 and the Holocaust children were put through a living nightmare, being exposed to killings, torture and punishment for something unknown to their innocent minds. Children were not in the know, being put through a hell of a time and not being able to understand how they are different to their best friends of another race. The Innocence of a childhood is displayed in the ‘Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ when the commandant and his soldiers are in the office watching the propaganda film created to persuade and demonstrate to the rest of the world that they are treating Jews with ‘excellent’ living conditions and an ‘average’ and ‘happy’ lifestyle. When Bruno peeks in on the propaganda film, he is placed under the belief that where his friend Schmuel is living is a happy place with play areas, a cafe with excellent food and time is lost with all the ‘fun and games’ that they provide. When Bruno makes the decision to cross the electric fence and help his friend Schmuel who has lost his father, he discovers that the film he watched was actually a lie and doesn’t understand why everyone is so sad and the area is constantly monitored by armed soldiers. Bruno is unaware of the situation and becomes scared and wishes to go home. In this time he discovers that everything he saw in the movie is a lie, the cafe, the play areas, the giggling children. Within â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† the innocence of a childhood is displayed by the propaganda film which inflicts the belief of a lie onto an innocent child who doesn’t understand the ways of the real world and his surroundings, this demonstrates how a childhood was influenced by lies during the Holocaust and World War 2. The movie â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas† displays the previous ideas of how fear, punishment and the innocence of a childhood creates a scene which demonstrate what World War 2 and the Holocaust would have been like for The Jewish race, soldiers, innocent children and the surrounding onlookers to the War that was taking place.

The Life and Career of Amy Tan Essays -- Biography, Chinese-American A

Amy Tan, an accomplished Chinese-American author, is well-known for her incorporation of her Chinese heritage into her works of literature. Amy Ruth Tan was born to John and Daisy Tan on February 19, 2952 (â€Å"Amy Tan Biography†). Although Amy Tan’s parents were both born in China, she was American born. Daisy Tan was born to a wealthy family in Shanghai, China. John Tan, on the other hand, was an electrical engineer and Baptist minister. Amy Tan’s parents met in a dangerous decade of the 1940’s in China while battles were being fought on all fronts. John Tan was working for the United States Information Service during WWII, which made it fairly easy for him to escape China for the U.S. when the war ended. Daisy Tan, however, was not as fortunate; she had been imprisoned. She escaped in 1949 right before the Communist takeover; she left on the last boat to deport from Shanghai to the U.S. Shortly after Daisy arrived in the U.S., her and John Tan arranged to be married. Amy Tan’s parents had two other children besides her; they were John Jr. and Peter Tan. The Tan clan moved around many times while Amy Tan was growing up, finally settling in Santa Clara, California (Chatfield-Taylor 190). Growing up in California, Tan continued to embrace the typical values of Americans. She had taken on American values as her own identity, completely ignoring most of her Chinese heritage. In fact, young Amy Tan would answer her mother’s Chinese questions in English (Miller 1162). Teenage Amy Tan lost both her father and sixteen-year-old brother to brain tumors. Soon after that, she learned that she had two half-sisters in China from her mother’s first marriage (â€Å"Amy Tan Biography†). In 1987, Tan made a trip to China to meet those very same ... ...Despite the difficulties Winnie went through while she was younger, she appears to be a strong woman in America. The novel suggests that perhaps this is because she has learned from her past and had to recreate her ideas about women in America (â€Å"SparkNotes† Par 6). Yet another theme in The Kitchen God’s Wife is the tension between fate and self-determination. The ideas of luck, fate, and destiny are constantly being tried against the ideas of self-determination, free choice, and will. Winnie’s life is full of choices, and these very choices are what causes her to be become such a strong woman (â€Å"SparkNotes† Par 7). Winnie recreates her life in America, which sheds another shard of light on the idea of self-determination over the idea of fate. She chose to recreate herself, and she had to make it happen; fate played no hand in her becoming (â€Å"SparkNotes† Par 8).

Action Genre

The action genre is a genre wherein physical action takes precedence in the storytelling. Also, action movies often have continuous motions and actions including physical stunts, chases, fights, battles, and races. The story usually revolves around a hero that has a goal but is facing incredible odds to obtain it. While the action genre has a long recurring component in films, the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects.Audiovisual Translation (AVT)According to Zobalbeascoa (2008), an audiovisual text is a mode of communication that is distinct from the written and the oral mode, although it may not be easy to draw a clear borderline between the audiovisual and other modes (p.29). And, other scholars like Bartrina (2004) believes that â€Å"in using the term audiovisual texts we receive via two channels, the visual and acoustic such texts contain images that move rapidly one after another† (p.157). Unlike communication through books, radio, telephone or sign language, audiovisual communication implies that the acoustic channel through air vibrations and the visual channel through light waves are simultaneously utilized. In other words, the film establishes a multi-channel and multi-code communication that take place through two channels (visual channel and acoustic channel) except for silent movies, but other communications, like radio and books, oppositely take place through one channel (only acoustic channel) (Delabastita, 2008). Finally, Gambier (1994) states that â€Å"audiovisual translation is a new genre in the realm of translation studies and several forms of translation take place in the international world of audiovisual communication† (p.277).IdeologyThe concept of ideology in translation studies is as old as the history of translation itself. And, according to Fawcett (1998), â€Å"throughout the centuries, individuals and institutions applied their particular beliefs to the production of certain effect in translation and an ideological approach to translation studies could be found in some of the earliest examples of translation known to us† (p. 106). However, Venuti (1998) states that â€Å"the linguistics-oriented approaches to translation studies have failed to address the concept of ideology through years of their prevalence, because such approaches are limited to their scientific models for research and the empirical data they collect, so that they remain reluctant to take into account the social values that enter into translating as well as the study of it† (p.1). Finally, ideology viewed in a more positive sense as a vehicle to promote or legitimate interests of a particular social group rather than a means to destroy the contenders (Calzada-Perez, 2003, p. 5).NormsAccording to Maylaerts (2008), quoted from Schaffner, (1998) norms are the translation of general values or ideas shared by a community into performance instructions applicable to particular situations. Norms specify what is prescribed and forbidden as well as what is tolerated and permitted in translation. Therefore, they imply sanctions, positive or negative. This means that norms imply a degree of social and psychological pressure since the concept of the norm has been used differently in translation studies, and its value has been both asserted strongly and called into question. Also, Toury (1995) maintains that â€Å"norms are the translation of what is wrong or right† (p.55). And, Munday (2012) believes that â€Å"norms are components peculiar to cultures, societies, and time being socio-cultural limitations which are acquired by persons during the educational and socializing processes† (p.112). Norms do not apply only in language, but also at all levels of our social lives, and it varies from one community or culture to another culture (Snell-Hornby, 1988). While, Pym (1999) discerns that â€Å"norms exist and they will change by means of beliefs, reasons, technology or creativity† (p.106). Norms of a society determine how taboo words and expressions dealt with in that given society. Finally, there are four types of norms:1) obligated 2) Permitted 3) Tolerated 4) Prohibited. In Islamic societies such as Iran, there exists a fifth norm which is recommended. Based on this, taboos are either tolerated or to a much greater degree prohibited.SubtitleSubtitles usually located at the bottom of the screen, either left-aligned or centered. They must be in 1 to 2 lines, not more than 35 characters and yellow or white font colors on the dark ground are preferred (Schwarz, 2002). And, according to Gottlibe (1997), subtitling as a translation practice has special features that they are as follow: a) written, b) additive, c) immediate, d) synchronous, e) polymedia (p.2). Cintas (2008) states that â€Å"subtitles considered as captions and transcriptions of a movie or TV dialogue in a same or different language and presented simultaneously on the screen at the bottom. They should be placed at the bottom of the screen in order to not interrupt the image action† (p.7).Taboo ConceptsFromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2013) believe that â€Å"taboo has a strong cultural component that representing particular customs and the way people view their society† (p.112). Also, taboo terms actually are a broad term that has been approached by various disciplines from different standpoints. Throughout the years, there have been controversies about the scope of the term as well as various notions with regard to their function and role within the societies. Since the concept itself is multidimensional and highly culture-specific, what taboos cover often differs from one culture to another. Therefore, it seems to be no common ground reached regarding the issues dealt with under the title of taboo. In fact, the concept plays a central role in forming the cultures which considered as the main reason why so many disciplines are interested in theorizing it (Horlacher, 2010, p. 5). Finally, according to Wardhaugh (1990), the taboo is one way in which a society expresses its disapproval of certain kinds of behaviors that are harmful to its members either for supernatural reasons or such behaviors are held to violate a moral code (p.230).The Related Works in Iran and Other CountriesAmong the Works Applied in the Field of Translation of Taboo Terms and Concepts in Iran: Azardashti (2013) in an article titled as â€Å"Normative Attitude Toward Translation of Verbal Taboo† in The Catcher in the Rye has noted that different societies and cultures, particularly more traditional societies such as Iran dislike raising unusual subjects such as slangs and examining slangs in scientific areas have been always concealed. In spite of some researches in this regard over recent years' ambiguities and intact angles regarding translating slangs into Persian still attracted attention. In view of the importance of verbal taboos as an inevitable part of the language and its difficulty for translators in encountering with them the importance of this study would be revealed. Finally, Ghazizadeh and Mardani (2012) in their study titled as â€Å"Strategic Examination of Translator in Translating Western Taboo in Dubbing English Movies into Farsi† have pointed out language in the same extent can be used for expressing thoughts and communicating that can be used as a tool for obstructing propagation of certain opinions too. For example, taboo terms derive from the ideology and a set of beliefs of different nations about certain contents which they transfer in the process of translation give rise to lingual and cultural problems. Since cinema products are among main tracts of transferring culture components such as taboo, the matter of translating such products in the form of subtitle or dubbing is of high importance. Yet fewer studies have been conducted in this regard. In the current study it has been attempted that through a descriptive study of dubbing English movies into Farsi, translator's strategies are examined in translating the language and cultural Western taboo terms and concepts. The results of their research revealed that the most common strategies regarding language taboo expressions are finding equivalent for them, compensating and for cultural taboo, those are manipulating, modification and using non-taboo equivalents. Among the Works Applied in the Field of Translation of Taboo Terms and Concepts in Abroad: Midjord (2013) in her M.A. thesis titled as â€Å"On the Subtitling of Swear Words: The Case Study of Flickering Lights† with a special focus on the translation of the word fuck as an interest in exploring how the swear words are translated in the process of subtitling from Danish into English. The results of her study revealed that in English speaking countries the most frequently used swear words derive from the religion, sex and bodily effluvia, while in the Danish language the most frequently used swear words derive from the religion, diseases, sex and bodily effluvia. Moreover, the analysis showed that many swear words have either been translated directly or deleted completely in the subtitles. With more than half of the swear words deleted in the target text, it can be discussed, whether there is a loss of the understanding of the environment and the characters' personalities in the film. However, on the basis of reviews from English speaking persons, this does not seem to have been a problem, which could indicate that the subtitler has made the right choices in the subtitling of the swear words in Flickering Lights movie.

Advertising Writing

In advertising writing, mark reliability was characterized as how much buyers create enthusiastic connection to a brand through their sense of duty regarding rehash buys of organization's items without aiming to change to others. Peng et al. (2016) additionally characterized mark devotion as the readiness of clients to keep their associations with a specific brand on the long haul. The other measurement which is mark picture was portrayed in the writing as the general impression that is slanted in customers' recollections about a brand (Hanaysha and Hilman, 2015). That is, mark picture can be communicated in light of the perspectives and assessments of customers about a brand's items or administrations (Laasch and Conaway, 2014). Additionally, mark inclination alludes to purchaser's choice to pick or buy a specific brand within the sight of other contending ones, and it can be shaped in view of past encounters or the suggestions of others. At last, mark administration was characterized in past writing as the upper hand that a brand has over its rivals (Zarantonello and Pauwels-Delassu, 2015). It mirrors the view of clients about the particular capacities of a brand in accomplishing greatness and giving novel offerings which are difficult for contenders to duplicate or emulate.  Word of MouthWith the expanding interest of clients and high rivalry among different ventures, associations began to search for better approaches to serve clients to enhance and maintain their upper hands. A key differential preferred standpoint that a firm or brand can have is the positive verbal proposal by its fulfilled clients. The importance of verbal exchange is settled as the most powerful specialized apparatus to drive purcha sers' responses toward a brand. Past writing announced that positive verbal exchange is more viable than publicizing procedure (Day, 1971). Hawkins et al. (2004) saw verbal exchange as a key factor that clients have a tendency to depend on before settling on buy choices, and is reflected through the and encounters shared by others toward specific items, administrations, and brands. Word of mouth was additionally characterized by Arndt (1967) as â€Å"oral individual to individual correspondence between a beneficiary and a communicator whom the collector sees as non-business, with respect to a brand, an item or an administration†. The key thought of Word of mouth is coordinated towards sharing and imparting buyers' learning and suppositions about the items or administrations of a specific brand sandwich others. As a rule, verbal exchange includes any mutual data about a brand which can be transmitted starting with one shopper then onto the next through individual discussions or by means of different devices of correspondence (Brown et al., 2005). In past writing, Word of mouth was broadly acknowledged as a key customary and exceedingly compelling component of promoting correspondence which is portrayed by taken a toll viability (Godes et al., 2005; Hogan et al., 2004). Likewise, Kotler et al. (2014) considered verbal exchange as the fundamental showcasing instrument that can be immediately exchanged among clients at exceptionally negligible cost. These days, verbal exchange has gotten higher significance from clients as a dependable specialized device on account of their less enthusiasm for publicizing and other customary media. Lang and Hyde (2013) showed that verbal exchange can be fortified through showcasing specialized devices, for example, publicizing, VIP support, and advancements. As per Taghizadeh et al. (2013), Word of mouth is a capable promoting factor that got noteworthy accentuation from different specialist organizations, especially, those whose organizations center around impalpable offerings. In such administrations, clients depend for the most part on the given counsel and suggestions by others, companions or relatives who had past involvement in utilizing that administration. Additionally, shoppers generally have a tendency to create trust toward companions and relatives more than the interchanges started by the brand itself, and this affirms the importance of Word of mouth as a promoting device (Ng et al., 2011). In past investigations, certain researchers inferred that Word of mouth affected brand value (Murtiasih et al., 2013; Rezvani et al., 2012). Herr et al. (1991) likewise showed that positive verbal exchange among clients can strengthen mark affiliation quality, as the data exhibited through eye to eye way is probably going to be more dependable than those conveyed in a less striking way. Virvilaite et al. (2015) demonstrated that customers esteem verbal data, since it conveys different messages to them about a brand, and such data can influence mark value and its benefits; image faithfulness and brand affiliation. Also, Hoyer and MacInnis (2001) found that positive Word of mouth was the most critical factor to influence mark notoriety, and their outcomes are in accordance with Cornelissen (2000) who embraced the commitment of verbal exchange to corporate notoriety. Y?ld?z (2015) additionally revealed that verbal exchange has a huge association with mark value measurements; mark picture, mark affiliation, mark mindfulness, and brand faithfulness. Thus, Torlak et al. (2014) reasoned that verbal exchange has a critical and positive relationship with purchaser's buy aims and brand picture. In light of the above discourse, the speculations of this investigation are exhibited as takes after:H1: Word of mouth has a critical association with mark picture.H2: Word of mouth has a critical association with mark unwaveringness.H3: Word of mouth has a huge association with mark inclination.H4: Word of mouth has a critical association with mark administration.H5: Word of mouth has a huge association with general brand value.MethodologyThis investigation is intended to look at the connection between Word of mouth and brand value in the fast food industry. The information was gathered from the clients of global fast food eateries in east drift Malaysia utilizing study strategy. In particular, 384 polls were actually conveyed on the focused on respondents in the wake of preparation them about the motivation behind this investigation. Amid information gathering, the respondents were screened first before giving them the poll so as to affirm their acknowledgment to take an interest in this examination. To guarantee that the base required example size could be gotten, the information was gathered utilizing comfort inspecting method. In addition, a few researchers (Hameed, 2013; Severi et al., 2014; Y?ld?z, 2015) depended on accommodation inspecting technique in gathering their information. In outlining the overview, each build was estimated in light of an arrangement of things with reference to past investigations. For example, four things were utilized to quantify verbal exchange in light of the investigation of Goyette et al. (2010). The needy variable; mark value as expressed in the before segments comprises of four components; mark picture, mark dependability, mark inclination, and brand authority. Brand picture was estimated by five things which were proposed by Jin et al. (2012) and Park (2009). So also, a four-things scale was utilized to quantify and operationalize mark faithfulness. The things were created in light of the investigations of Gil et al. (2007) and Hameed (2013). Furthermore, a four items scale was used to gauge mark inclination, and it was taken from Sirgy et al. (1997). Thus, five things were utilized for estimating brand administration in light of the examination of Hanaysha and Hilman (2015). A five-point Liker scale that extents from 1 (firmly deviate) to 5 (unequivocally concur) was utilized as a part of estimating the chose things.Data AnalysisAs expressed before, 384 overview polls were appropriated on the respondents; be that as it may, just 293(76.3%) were eager to participate in noting the survey. The investigations of statistic information uncovered that roughly 33.1% are male, while 66.9% are spoken to by female. Right around 19.4% of those respondents fall under the age classification of 16to 25 years, however 53.2% fall under the age assemble t hat extended from 26 to 35 years. Be that as it may, the individuals who spoke to the age gathering of 36 to 45 years represented 20.5% of general reaction, while 6.9% were 46 years of age or above. The instructive profile likewise uncovered that 79 (26.9%) of the respondents had the most astounding capability of school declaration, 111 (37.9%) got undergrad testament, 34 (11.6%) get postgraduate confirmation, while 69 (23.6 %) had recognition authentication. The vast majority of the members (55.7%) get RM3000 as month to month wage, 16.3% get month to month salary of under RM500. Those whose month to month wage ran amongst RM500 and RM1000 are spoken to by 6.8%, whereas21.2% get a month to month salary amongst RM1000 and RM3000. To quantify the builds' dependability, this examination depended on Cronbach's alpha. The discoveries demonstrated that the greater part of the develops surpassed the base fair estimation of 0.7 as indicated by the recommendations of Pallant (2007); informal (0.849), mark picture (0.826), mark initiative (0.780), mark devotion (0.852), and mark inclination (0.891). In the wake of testing the dependability of develops, the estimation display was then surveyed utilizing AMOS 18. Also, corroborative factor examination was directed on AMOS 18, and the outcomes demonstrated that the rest of the things as appeared in Appendix An accomplished satisfactory factor stacking estimations of more than 0.50. Consequently, concurrent legitimacy is affirmed. The investigation additionally demonstrated that there are no Multi collinearity issues in the screened information as the relationship esteems between any match of develops were under 0.90 as suggested by Tabachnick and Fidell (2007).

scopes essay essays

scopes essay essays In the book Summer for the Gods by Edward J. Larson, the ideas of evolution and if it should be taught in the schools are at question. The book talks about the so-called Monkey Trial that took place in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. The whole debate of whether evolution should be taught in schools was in question and school -teacher John Scopes was on trial for teaching his students about evolution. The Scopes Trial was extremely controversial for its time. The whole theory of evolution was just coming into play and many schools had it as a topic of discussion for their science classes. Evolution in general was still not set in stone but many scientists did support the theory and thought it was safe to teach in public school. John Scopes was one such teacher, he thought he would go along with what many had begun to do. It was a very simple topic to many but extremely sensitive to those who were very religious. Evolution went against the notion that god created man. So this is why the trial turned into such a national topic cause the outcome would change the face of how evolution was taught for many years to come. The trial had many key people and players. One such group that took a major stance for the defense was the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). It was one of the first test cases that the ACLU took part in. The ACLU was known for helping people whose civil rights were in jeopardy. They had Clarence Darrow come down to Tennessee to defend John Scopes. The American Civil Liberties goal during that summer was to make sure and fight for the separation of church and state. Religion should not be a factor when it comes to school issues. Religion was a very separate issue and the defense was going to show that. They also argued that freedom of speech was being violated, Scopes had the right to say as he pleased and by put ...

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

North Korea - Essay Example Either way, the result is likely designed to benefit fulfill the interests of the nation in the economic or military front. Liberalism on the other hand can be loosely defined as individual freedom; an ideology stems from the belief that humans inherently are good-natured. Its core values stress on individualism, human rights the right to equal treatment and universal protection of the law without discrimination. From this definition, it is easy to understand why the theory will be hard to inculcate into the Korean, more so, North Korean situation. Firstly, the country is a dictatorship and by virtue of that fact, it means that the ideas of freedom in the convectional democratic sense are not manifested in the governance style. In addition, the leaders have displayed extreme aggressiveness and a determination to go against nearly all the tenets of liberalism both on a local and international scale. North Korea recently threatened to launch a nuclear offensive at the United States of America South Korea and Japan after the US commenced military drills in South Korea (Jack and Louis, 2013). The drills in South were declared an act of war and consequently the North scrapped the armistice treaty that had ended the war between the two nations in the 50s (Park, 2013). It has threatened to strike in the heart of America, which it deem to be about to conduct a nuclear strike as well, that is being used to justify North Koreas irrational action. This begs the question; why is there so much friction between America and North Korea, from a realistic perspective, North Korea likely sees America as a potential threat to its sovereignty and continued independence and freedom. This is evidenced in the fact that whenever the leaders discuss their neighbors South Korea, they use the expression a puppet for the Americans. To the leaders up North, there is no difference between being â€Å"colonized† and co-operating with the American government, in this respect their aggr essiveness towards America can be viewed in terms of their wish to protect their self-interest. Herein emerges the key difference between a realist and liberal understanding of the issue, a liberal mind would assume that peace and cooperation are acceptable if it benefits ones country. Considering the current state of the North Koreas economy, it is beyond any doubt that they stand to gain a lot from co-operating with the international community, that way they can be able to trade freely without the burden of sanctions. The security of America has been continuously threatened by the North Korean, as such (Suri, 2013) their heavy presence in South Korea and is strategic in order to ensure it protects itself and its allies. These moves are interpreted by the Northern side as being potential for war and thus each side in their attempt to safeguard their interests in an environment of mutual distrust fuel the ensuing conflict. It has also been postulated that Koreas aggressiveness is a means of blackmailing the world into sympathizing and giving them the aid they so badly need especially in view of the severe sanctions imposed by the international community. According to Lankov, the North’s main reason for its belligerent statements is not an intention for war but a means of reminding the world that it exists (Lankov, 2013). They will only be able to blackmail believably

Deep Water Experts Financial Ratios Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deep Water Experts Financial Ratios - Assignment Example Overall, the picture of the company’s financial health is quite promising, and a potential for expansion seemed to be a likely opportunity to explore. I. Short-term solvency or liquidity ratios Short-term solvency or Liquidity Ratios 2010 2011 Industry 1. Cash Ratio 1.08 1.56 0.21 2. Current Ratio 2.67 3.30 1.43 3. Interval Measure    96.92 n/a   4. Net working capital to total assets 0.12 0.17   n/a 5. Quick Ratio 1.80 2.20 0.38 Liquidity refers to the â€Å"availability of resources to meet short-term cash requirements† of the company (Larson and Jensen). In the case of Deep Water Experts’ finances, it refers to its ability to generate cash and cash-like assets to pay for its expenses as they come due, at least in the short-run horizon. Cash ratio indicates the amount of cash the company has for every unit of current liability falling due. In this area, the company has performed way better than the industry ratio. In 2011, it has a cash ratio of 1.56, whi ch means that it has 1.56 Arab Emirates Dirham (AED) to cover each unit of current liability falling due. This is way better than the industry’s 0.21 per unit of current obligation. ... Interval Measure indicates the company’s current asset per average daily operating cost, which includes cost of goods sold, operating expenses, and interests. While no industry average is available for comparison, on its own, the company seemed to have a large enough current asset compared to its average daily operating cost. It has a very solvent position in this regard, with almost 97 AED for each unit of average daily operating cost. The company has large investment in durable or fixed assets, as can be gleaned from its working capital to total assets ratio. While working capital has increased from 2010 to 2011, in relation to total assets, it is still pretty small, with only 17 percent compared to its total investment on its assets. Finally, the company’s quick ratio further confirms its high degree of solvency. It has a quick acid ratio 1.80 in 2010, improving further to 2.20 in 2011, while the industry performance is only 0.38. This company has lesser risk of defa ulting on its current obligations, as can be seen from its short-term solvency ratios. II. Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios Long-term solvency has been defined as the â€Å"company’s long-run financial viability and its ability to cover long-term obligations† (Larson and Jensen). Further, it is concerned more on the company’s capital structure, or the composition of the company’s sources of finances to support its business activities, whether in financing, investing, or operating activities. The company’s debt to equity ratio measures the proportion of the company’s assets contributed by its owners, and those assets that are supplied by its creditors. In 2011, the company has one unit of debt for each unit of equity. In 2010, it has a

Financial Institutions and Instruments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Institutions and Instruments - Essay Example An investment strategy has more to do with responsibly, and often conservatively, managing an investment portfolio in order to maximize gains with a minimum of maintenance, a low number of transactions (and their attendant costs), and a minimum of risk. This paper will explore the investment strategy approach for the most part, whilst also exploring some of the more simplified and well-tested technical strategies of the trading approach. A simplified investment strategy is the one most likely to be employed by an ordinary person with a modest portfolio, a minimum amount of time to devote to managing that portfolio, and limited ability, desire, and/or resources to devote to the use of sophisticated analysis tools. In other words, the kind of person who has a day job as opposed to being a fulltime day trader, and needs a strategy that includes a fair degree of automatic execution and pre-determined portfolio protection devices. Finding a consistent strategy that meets these requirements would be useful to a great number of people who are currently disadvantaged in the area of maximizing their investment gains by lack of financial resources, time, and expertise, whilst at the same time they may be very dependent on their investment pe rformance for their future financial security needs. Much work has been done in pursuit of a system that would consistently provide excess returns, with mixed results. The very existence of technical analysis seems to belie the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Some researchers have concluded that "technical rules do not earn excess profits over a simple buy-and-hold strategy," (Beechey, Gruen, and Vickery, 2000). However, there are aspects of market performance that are not completely explained by EMH, and the available evidence suggests that "financial market returns are partly predictable, in ways that sometimes conflict with the Efficient Market Hypothesis" (Beechey, et al, 2000). Other discordant findings regarding the EMH versus actual stock performance include evidence that in the stock market, "shares with high returns continue to produce high returns in the short run (momentum effects). In the long run, shares with low price-earnings ratios, high book-to-market-value ratios, and other measures of 'value' outperform the market (value effects)." Further, "at times, asset prices appear to be significantly misaligned, for extended period," (Beechey, et al, 2000). Whenever inefficiencies such as misalignments or mispricings occur, an opportunity for excess returns also occurs - if someone with a technical analysis filter is watching for them and knows when and how to act on them. At best it would seem the EMH semi-strong or weak version best describes what is observed in the markets. Therefore it would seem that there may, after all, be something to be gained from at least a cursory investigation of the technical analysis tools that are most readily available to the average investor, and that are easy to understand and use, and that is the criteria that was used when choosing technical analysis tools for inclusion in the investment strategy that will be outlined herein. St. George's Bank has been traded on the Australian exchange since 1992, and is currently the fifth largest bank in Australia. It shares with the banking sector a 100%

Unplanned absence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unplanned absence - Essay Example Also, with this kind of absences, there should be a technology or related factors to compensate with the absence of this individual. In United States, the labor sector loses 2.3% of scheduled working hours as well as 20 percent of its payroll due to this kind of situation. The question is what are the steps that must be done should this kind of instances occur to replace the absentee as well as to minimize expenses during this particular incident wherein the company is required to pay the absentee' On the given example, there are varieties of options that are to be looked upon in order to address this kind of problem. In this case, these varieties are regarded as part of the system. The remedies that were provided are that the company would hire temporary employee in the absence of the personnel concerned, pay-per-use scheme within the customers, hold over-times and the likes. These ideas and are somewhat a management system in the company which is formulated to address several issues concerning operational management within the company. In the article written by Fred Easton (+) and John Goodale in 2005 entitled scheduled recovery for unplanned absences, it was stated there the issues revolving around organizations particularly in organizations which is service in nature. The subject areas were Labor and staff planning, mathematical programming and the likes were tackled and looked upon. In my own perspective regarding issues on unplanned absences specifically on business which is service in nature, a contingency plan must be made due to the organization exist due to the services that have been rendered by the people. Also, a system which deals with the employees and the target customer is essential to obtain the sense of order in the workplace. The aforementioned systems that was laid in the earlier premises in this paper in order to address the problems concerning in this nature. The pay-per-use scheme is a convenient way to use in order to regulate flow and arrival of customers in which the customer will have second thoughts of acquiring services from the company. In this case, the company will have a return of income as this method is expensive from the conventional one. This kind of scheme is very practical since the scheme would tend to regulate the influx of customers and since thee are a small amount of employees that are working due to the absence(s) of their colleagues, then chances of serving tremendous amount of customers would be manageable due to the fact that customers will be entertained only on the prescribed terms of use and the services that would be used will be paid each time they are availed and with this, it will also be a source of tremendous income since the services are paid not on the length but rather on the quantity of rendered services. Also, the employees will only work on the prescribed description of their tasks. In this case, the work load of the employees will become limited thus will give better chances in meeting the demands of customers regardless of numbers. Also, in this process, the operation of the organization was not halted though they operate with

Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets

Determination of Vitamin C in Tablets INTRODUCTION Nowadays, health has become the most important property of humans life. Commonly, diets with high contents of fruits are protective against several human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Therefore, people are putting more and more attention on antioxidant substances such as vitamin C which is also known as ascorbic acid or more specifically L-ascorbic acid. Vitamin C is probably one of the most highly well known. Furthermore, people have become more aware to the importance of vitamin C. Hence, this causes the global market flooded with vitamin C fortified foods (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). The term of vitamin C is used as generic term for all compounds exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of ascorbic acid. The molecular structure of vitamin C is C6H8O6 and the molecular weight is 176.1 (Ball, 2006). Vitamin C is highly polar and readily soluble in aqueous solution and insoluble in less nonpolar solvents (Fennema, 1996). It is an acidic compound due to the facile ionization of hydroxyl group on carbon 3 (pK1 = 4.17) while the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is much more resistant to ionization (pK2 = 11.79). The structure of L-ascorbic acid is shown in Figure 1 (Ball, 2006). Ball (2006) also stated that ascorbic acid is easily and reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, forming the ascorbyl radical anion which is also known as semidehydoascorbate as an intermediate as shown in Figure 2. Dehydoascorbic acid possesses full vitamin C activity because it is readily reduced to ascorbic acid in the animal body. However, dehydoascorbic acid is not an acid in the chemical sense, as it does not have the dissociable protons that ascorbic acid has at carbon 2 and carbon 3 positions. One of the most important properties of vitamin C is that it is an antioxidant. Nevertheless, it has a wide range of antioxidant properties outside the body and can quench most biologically active radicals. It scavenges superoxide, nitroxide, hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and will reduce vitamin E (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). It is also found to be a strong antioxidant as it helps to neutralize harmful free radicals (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is an almost odorless white or pale yellow crystalline powder with a pleasant sharp taste and melting point of about 190Â °C. It is not a carboxylic acid but a lactone and ease of oxidation to the presence of an enediol grouping (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Vitamin C is highly susceptible to oxidation, especially when catalyzed by metal ions such as copper(II) ion and iron(III) ion. The functions and activities of vitamin C are based on its properties as a reversible biological reductant (Hickey and Roberts, 2004). Vitamin C participates for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of the body (Kleszczewski and Kleszczewska, 2002). Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant that mostly found in fruits and vegetables. The main sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, and spinach. Vitamin C plays crucial roles in electron transport, hydroxylation reactions and oxidative catabolism of aromatic compounds in animal metabolism (Gazdik et al, 2008). Vitamin C can help to prevent and treat common cold, mental illness, infertility, scurvy, cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). It is reported to lower cancer risk and also said to have important interactions with other vitamins. For example, excessive intake of vitamin A is less toxic to the body when vitamin C is readily available (Izuagie and Izuagie, 2007). Due to the great importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained increased significance in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Vitamin C is also used as an index of the nutrient quality for fruit and vegetable products. This is because it is much more sensitive to various modes of degradation in food processing and subsequent storage (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemero, 2004). It is well known that vitamin C is easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in alkaline solutions, while it is relatively stable in acidic solution. Vitamin C of fruit juices is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juices (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). In the food industry, vitamin C is used as food additive (Mai and Mohammed, 2004). It preserves and protects food from any colour changes and act as an important component of our nutrition as well. Vitamin C helps to prevent the degradation of soft drinks and juice which helps to retain their flavors. Hence, it increases the quality of food and nutritional value as well (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Degradation of vitamin C undergoes both anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Qxidation of vitamin C in aerobic pathway occurs mainly during the processing of food whereas anaerobic degradation of vitamin C mainly during storage. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the decomposition products of vitamin C and acts as precursor of brown pigments (Burdurlu, Koca and Karadeniz, 2005). Vitamin C degradation in packaged fruit juices depends mainly on storage temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, residual hydrogen peroxide,H2O2 left after the sterilization of packaging material and trace metal ions (Ozkan, Kirca and Cameroglu, 2004). Consequently, studies on vitamin C content in foods are important in relation to the control of nutritional labels, the update of food databases and the establishment of dietary reference intakes. Orange juice is probably the most globally accepted fruit juice and it is recognized worldwide as a good source of ascorbic acid (Sharma, Singh and Saxena, 2006). In addition, there are many analytical methods used to determine the concentration of vitamin C in the pharmaceutical samples which are colorimetric method, titration, enzymatic method, flow injection analysis (FIA) and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). Reflectometer is an instrument that can used to analyze many different types of test which include ascorbic acid test that is concerned in this project. It provides a simple and rapid determination of vitamin C content in many pharmaceuticals product. LITERATURE REVIEW Various methods used in determination of Vitamin C In recent years, the determination of vitamin C has become an important subject in the field of biochemistry and commercial foods. This is because vitamin C plays an important role in maintaining human health (Chen and Sato, 1995). Due to the importance of vitamin C in human beings, the quantitative analysis of vitamin C has gained a significant increase in several areas of analytical chemistry such as pharmaceutical and food applications (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). There are numerous methods for the determination of vitamin C in a variety of natural samples, biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods for the determination of vitamin C are spectrophotometric methods and non-spectrophotometric methods (Arya and Mahajan, 1997). For non-spectrophotometric methods are such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), titration, enzymatic method and fluorometry (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). Direct spectrophotometry also has been applied to determine the vitamin C content in soft drinks, fruit juices, and cordials after correction for background absorption in the UV region. Flow-injection analysis (FIA) In FIA, there is no air segmentation and it is not necessary for a state of chemical equilibrium to be reached. The sample is introduced into a carrier stream as a discrete plug. The presence of a sample-carrier interface allows diffusion-controlled dispersion of the sample as it is swept through narrow-bore tubing to create a concentration gradient. The flow-through detector monitors the change in concentration of the reaction product, which is displayed as a well-defined peak (Ball, 2006). Flow-injection analysis permits a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of vitamin C where its systems allow faster sampling rates and consumed fewer reagents compared with segmented-flow analysis (Kleszczewki and Kleszczewska, 2002). Memon, Dahot and Ansari had proposed a method by using mono 1, 10-phenanthroline-iron(III) complex as oxidant. This experiment was based on its reducing reaction on mono(1-10-Phenanthroline)-iron(III) to tris(1,10-Phenanthroline)-iron(II) (ferroin) and the absorbance of ferroin was monitored at 510nm through spectrophotometer equipped with a flow through cell (Memon et al, 2000). In this analysis single channel manifold is used as shown in Figure 3. The reagent stream is pumped at the flow rate 1.1mL/min via a peristaltic pump equipped with PVC pump tubing. The vitamin C sample is introduced into the reagent stream via a rotary teflon valve. A calibration curve for vitamin C in the range 0-50ppm was plotted from the results obtained by Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari which are shown in Figure 4. They also studied about the effect of reaction coil and reagent concentration. From the graph (Figure 5), the maximum intensity was observed at 50cm reaction coil. While the results of the effect of reagent concentration obtained is shown in Figure 6 indicating that the maximum signal could be obtained at 35% reagent (Memon, Memon, Dahot and Ansari, 2000). This method can be improved within certain limits by increasing the volume of the injected sample in flow injection analysis. The sensitivity is increased two fold with the increase of sample volume. As conclusion, since the time required for sample preparation is short and reagent consumption is low, hence the method is highly economical and is suitable to use on routine basis for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations (Memon et al, 2000). Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry Direct ultraviolet spectrophotometry is a fast, simple and reliable method for the determination of vitamin C. This method can be done through alkaline treatment and the maximum absorption of vitamin C falls at 243nm at pH2 (Yanshan, 1997). The absorption of UV light by the sample matrix was the major problem in this method. Therefore, alkaline treatment method was found to be used as background correction in blank. This is because more than 95% of vitamin C will be destroyed in 10 minutes after alkaline treatment which is in the range of pH 12 to 13 (Salkic and Kubicek, 2008). UV spectrophotometry method was found to be applicable for most fruits, fruit juices and soft drinks except those that are unstable to alkaline treatment, and were deeply colored, or contained high concentration of caffeine, saccharin, caramel and tannic acid (Yanshan, 1997). To determine the total content of vitamin C in food samples, a well-established method was investigated by Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006 by using the 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine methods (DNPH). This is a simplified method for the simultaneous determination of total vitamin C employed coupling reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine dye with vitamin C and followed by spectrophotometric determination. The spectrophotometric method involves the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by the action of bromine solution in the presence of acetic acid. Reaction between dehydoascorbic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine at 37 Â °C temperature for three hours will form an osazone. The solution is treated with 85% H2SO4 to produce a red color complex. The absorbance of all standards was measured at 521 nm by using a UV-spectrophotometer. The results obtained were taken to contruct a calibration curve (Khan et al, 2006). The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the concentration versus the corresponding absorbance as shown by Figure 7. The molar absorptivity, ? can be obtained using Beer-Lambert plots. The reliabilty of this method was justified by the calculations of the % of standard deviation and it was found to be varied within the range from 0.20 to 2.45%. The reliability of this method was also confirmed from the consideration of the following expected interferences (Khan et al, 2006). There are a few interferences that might affect the results. First, the interference was due to the diketogulonic acid. At higher pH, destructive oxidation hydrolysis might occur. This results in the opening of the lactone ring of the ascorbic acid and loose the vitamin activity. These processes are naturally occurred in fruits and some amounts of diketogulonic acid are presence in the fruits. Besides that, diketogulonic acid has keto group that might form osazone when react with DNPH. Hence, there is a chance of error in this method which may give false results (Khan et al, 2006). Another interference was due to the extracted glucose which contains similar structure like vitamin C. Therefore, some of the glucose may be extracted in the meta-phosphoric acid during the extraction of ascorbic acid from sample. Glucose may also cause the formation of colored complex with DNPH and gives the false result in the determination of vitamin C. This was proven in Figure 8 where there is no absorption peak around the interested peak at 521nm (Khan et al, 2006). As conclusion, the method is simple and excellent for the determination of total vitamin C in fruits and vegetables (Khan, Rahman, Islam and Begum, 2006). Fluorometric Method Fluorometric analysis has been used for ascorbic acid assay in pharmaceutical preparations, beverages, special dietary foods and even for human serum (Arya, Mahajan and Jain, 2000). This method had been reported to have successful application to a wide range of foodstuffs, including liver, milk, fresh and canned fruit, raw and cooked vegetables, and potato powder (Ball, 2006). Previously, fluorometric determinations of vitamin C have been developed based on condensation reactions of vitamin C with o-phenylenediamine and on the oxidation with mercury (II) of vitamin C to form quinoxaline derivative. The reaction products of these methods exhibit fluorescensce (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 9 shows the reaction of the dehydroascorbic acid with 1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride to form the fluorescent quinoxaline derivative 3(1,2dihydroxyethyl) furol[3,4-b]quinoxaline-1-one. The blank can be prepared by complexing the oxidized vitamin with boric acid to prevent the formation of the quinoxaline derivative. It is used to reveal any fluorescence due to interfering substances (Ball, 2006). Yusuf and Gurel have described a method by using Methylene Blue (MB) for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment was run by using a spectrofluorimeter to record the spectra and carry out fluorescence measurements. This method was used to determine the amount of vitamin C in the purified materials, specifically vitamin C tablets. MB is a member of thiazine dye group. It is widely used in many different areas. For example, a photo sensitizer is used to produce singlet oxygen in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer. The highly colored oxidized form of MB can be reduced to be colorless leuco form, Leuco-Methylene Blue (LMB) which is shown in Figure 10. LMB is the reduced and colorless form of methylene blue (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). According to Yusuf and Gurel, the fluorescence bands of MB were obtained at 664nm for excitation state and 682nm for emission peaks. This was proven by the other researchers who also examined the emission bands at 682nm for MB and 452nm for LMB. In Figure 11, the emission peak of MB at 682nm increased due to the increase of its concentration. A linear relationship between MB concentration and intensity was obtained over the concentration range of mol L-1 MB (y= 49.082x + 94.46,r2=0.9969). The excitation peak of MB at 664 nm also linearly increased depending on the increase of its concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). The studies of the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB is made to avoid any errors that might affect the accuracy of the results. In order to examine the effect of vitamin C on the fluorescence of MB at 664 nm, mol L-1 MB solutions, each solution was added with different concentration of vitamin C and were prepared under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. This was shown in Figure 12 where the spectra were recorded at 664nm (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 12 above shows the excitation intensity of mol L-1 without adding vitamin C was about 1000.0 and above. The intensity was decreased by the increase of vitamin C concentration in MB solutions (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Figure 13 shows the emission spectrum of mol L-1 MB as a function of time. Each spectrum was recorded at 1 minute intervals. The results showed that the fluorescence was not changed with time, reflecting that the fluorescence spectrum of MB was highly stable with time (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). In the redox reaction between ascorbic acid and MB, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while MB was reduced to colorless LMB as shown in the following: The calibration curve was made based on the concentration of MB (mol L-1). The results indicate that the fluorescence intensity of the system is a linear function of vitamin C concentration in the range of mol L-1 and the regression coefficient is 0.9941 as shown in Figure 15 (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Table 1 below shows the tolerance towards different compounds that might cause interferences in this method. These compounds are usually present in most vitamin C tablets. The experimental results showed that the presence of hundred-fold excess of the all contaminant compounds and twenty-fold excess of citric acid did not significantly influence the determination of vitamin C using this method. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no major interference caused by these compounds (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). So it is possible to use this method for direct determination of vitamin C in pharmaceuticals without separating the interfering materials. Table 2 lists the results obtained by the proposed method with triiodide method. It can be clearly seen that the results are in good agreement with the triiodide method (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Thus, the proposed method provides a simple and sensitive fluorimetric procedure by using MB for the determination of vitamin C. This experiment also shows that MB could be used for fluorimetric determination of vitamin C in vitamin C tablets although it has only slightly fluorescence property compared to LMB. Therefore, as conclusion, it can be explained that the fluorescence intensity of MB was more sensitive to determine vitamin C concentration (Yusuf and Gurel, 2005). Stability of Vitamin C in Orange Juice Vitamin C is very susceptible to chemical and enzymatic oxidation during the processing, storage, and cooking of food. The catalyzed oxidation pathway of vitamin C degradation is the most important reaction pathway for the loss of vitamin C in foods. Therefore, vitamin C of orange juice is readily oxidized and lost during staying of the juice (Ball, 2006). On the other hand, there are several factors that will also affect the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The factors are such as the effect of vitamin E, pH, and parameters which include air, heat, water as well as prolonged storage and overcooking (Kabasakalis, Siopidou, and Moshatou, 2000). According to Ball, a meta-oxygen-ascorbate complex is formed in the presence of molecular oxygen and trace amounts of transition metal which particularly are copper (II) and iron (III). This complex contains a resonance form of a diradical that rapidly decompose to give the ascorbate radical anion, the original metal ion, and hydrogen peroxide. This radical anion will in turn reacts with the oxygen to give dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). For anaerobic pathway of vitamin C which occurs in the absence of free oxygen, the degradation is caused by the formation of diketogulconic acid. As the rate of degradation is maximum at pH 3 to pH 4, therefore this pathway is mostly responsible for anaerobic loss of vitamin C in canned grapefruit and orange juices (Ball, 2006). Effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin E is a fat soluble antioxidant that has four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. In nature, these four tocopherols and four corresponding tocotrienols are designated as alpha-(?), beta-(?), gamma-(?) and delta-(?) according to the number and position of methyl substituent in chromonal ring (Ball, 2006). The vitamin E functions as a biological antioxidant by protecting the vital phospholipids in cellular and subcellular membranes from peroxidative degeneration. Vitamin E mostly accumulates in body which are liver and pancreas. But unlike vitamins A and D, vitamin E is essentially nontoxic (Ball, 2006). Nagymate and Fodor (2008) have designed a method to study the effect of vitamin E on the stability of vitamin C. In this experiment, vitamin E stock solution was prepared by dissolving ?-tocopherol in absolute ethanol. The orange juice which contained vitamin E and vitamin C was used as sample. The storage temperature of the vials was 4Â °C and they were covered with aluminium foil to prevent the effect of sunlight. Besides, two different temperatures were used to examine the effect of vitamin E at that temperature which half of the samples were stored at 20Â °C. On the other hand, the additive effect of these vitamins was also examined but only cool samples (4Â °C) were used for this experiment. Two samples were prepared which one contained vitamin E stock solution and vitamin C stock solution while another contained only vitamin C stock solution. The samples were analysed once a week for five weeks (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). The results of the stability of vitamin C show that the presence of vitamin E influenced the decay of vitamin C. Figure 17 shows that there were differences between samples with or without vitamin E. From figure 17, it can be clearly seen that the concentration of vitamin C without vitamin E fell down to 1.2mg/L on the second day. However, in the presence of both vitamins, the decay was also observed, but it was lesser. The concentration of vitamin C in the orange juice with vitamin E was 13mg/L in the fifth week. As a result, it seems that vitamin E stabilized vitamin C in orange juice at a determined concentration. This is because vitamin E delay the oxidation of vitamin C thus, enhances the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The combination of vitamin C with vitamin E makes the orange juice more stable and slower the degradation of orange juice. This concluded that orange juice with vitamin E addition is a good way to preserve the vitamin C content during storage (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Effect of temperature on the stability of vitamin C in orange juice Vitamin C of fruit juice is readily oxidized and lost depends on the conditions of storage. There are studies about the determination of the amounts of vitamin C content in fruit juices under different storage conditions. Kabasakalis, Sipadou and Moshatou had done an experiment to determine the rate loss of vitamin C with respect to time and temperature of storage. A long-life and short-life commercial orange juice 100% without preservatives and fresh orange juice were used for analysis. In this experiment, the days before the expiration date were recorded in Table 3 and Table 4 to observe the loss of vitamin C in short-life and long-life orange juice 100% as the expiration date was approached (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Table 5 shows the loss of vitamin C from fresh and long-life commercial orange juice 100% during a 31 days period, with measurements made every 1 to 3 days. The samples were refrigerated into containers which after the initial measurement remained either open or with closed cap until the next measurement. Based on the results shown in table 5, the magnitude of vitamin C did not differ significantly between open and closed cap for both juices. The commercial orange juice lost higher amounts of vitamin C compared with fresh orange juice. As reported, decreases of vitamin C upon storage did not correspond to increases of dehydroascorbic acid levels. In fact, there was an increase of dehydoascorbic acid levels in aseptically packaged orange juices. This means that the overall nutritional quality of orange juices is affected upon storage (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). The loss of the vitamin C in a commercial long-life orange juice 100% stored in refrigerator and non-refrigerated for a period of 10 days in open containers were shown in Figure 18 (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). According to Figure 18, non-refrigerated samples show higher percentage loss of vitamin C as compared to refrigerated samples. This is because the dehydoascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid was more stable at lower temperatures. Thus, the vitamin C, in the form of dehydroascorbic acid for refrigerated orange juice was well retained than non-refrigerated orange juice (Kabasakalis, Siopidou and Moshatou, 2000). Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the stability of orange juice Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 is the primary chemical for sterilization of plastic packaging material used in aseptic system. Aseptic packaging technology is widely used by fruit juice industry for the production of shelf-life stable fruit juices. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation currently limits the residual of H2O2 to 0.5ppm, leached into distilled water, in finished food packages which stated in Code of Federal Regulations, 2000. However, during the sterilization of aseptic chambers or packaging material with H2O2, some residues will still be left on the packaging material or vapors generated during drying may get trapped inside the package upon sealing. These residues will then cause the degradation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). An experiment was proposed by Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu to determine the rates of vitamin C degradation in orange juice with or without addition of H2O2 at various storage temperatures. In this experiment, the orange juice sample was thawed at room temperature and sodium benzoate was added to prevent spoilage. The degradation studies were done at H2O2 with 0.5ppm concentration at 20Â °C, 30Â °C and 40Â °C respectively. At regular time intervals, samples were removed from the water bath or incubator (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Then, the predetermined amounts of diluted sodium hydroxide solution were added rapidly to the samples to halt the reaction between H2O2 and vitamin C. The samples were then rapidly cooled by plugging into an ice water bath and held at -30Â °C until analyzed for vitamin C content. Vitamin C concentration was measured by using HPLC method. Qzkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu had modified the method by blending the orange juice sample with metaphosphoric acid. The sample was filtered through a membrane filter and was analyzed using HPLC (Shimadzu brand) (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004).Vitamin C contents of orange juice were plotted for various temperatures at 0.5ppm H2O2 concentration which is shown in Figure 19 below. From Figure 19, the results show that at higher temperature, the rate of vitamin C degradation also increased. The addition of 0.5ppm H2O2 did not greatly increase the degradation of vitamin C. However, raising H2O2 concentration from 0.5ppm to 5ppm resulted in a tremendous increase in degradation rates which was recorded in Table 6. At 0.5ppm H2O2, the antioxidant substances in orange juice which was flavonols reacted with H2O2, thereby preventing the autoxidation of vitamin C. The protective mechanism of flavanols was mainly due to chelation of metal ions and action of antioxidant. Flavanols function as antioxidants by donating the hydrogen ions to reactive free radicals which may otherwise cause the autoxidation of vitamin C (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu also studied the degradation of vitamin C in the absence of H2O2. In this case, the activation energy, Ea was taken into account to determine the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. The temperature dependence of the degradation of vitamin C in orange juice was compared by calculating Ea and temperature quotients (Q10) at 20Â ° to 40Â °C from the following equation: These results clearly indicate that the rate of vitamin C degradation in the presence of H2O2 was slower at 30Â °C to 40Â °C than 20Â °C to 30Â °C. This indicates that at 30Â °C to 40Â °C, the least effect of temperature rise on vitamin C degradation. The results obtained for Ea shows that higher Ea in the presence of H2O2. This means that higher energy needed for the degradation of vitamin C. Therefore, the reaction time is slower and the degradation of vitamin C also slower. As conclusion, the effect of temperature on the degradation rates of vitamin C in orange juice was more pronounced at higher H2O2 concentrations. Therefore, greater vitamin C losses should be expected as residual H2O2 concentration and storage temperature increase in aseptically packaged fruit juices (Ozkan, Kirca and Cemeroglu, 2004). Effect of pH on the stability of vitamin C pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution. pH is one of the primary factor that would affects the stability of vitamin C in orange juice. Hence, the pH value of the matrix has an influence on the stability of vitamin C. According to FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998, the vitamin C will decay if the pH higher than 4 (Nagymate and Fodor, 2008). Vitamin C is unstable in neutral and alkaline environments, therefore the higher the pH value and the longer the exposure, the greater the loss of vitamin C. This is because the higher the pH value, the faster the oxidation reaction of vitamin C and causes the degradation of vitamin C. Besides that, the increase in pH also related to deterioration of fruit characteristic which in this literature review, orange juice is more concerned. Table 8 below shows the pH value of the fruit juice with storage time (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). In this Table 8, the pH values of the orange juice were higher at room temperature and keep increasing from week to week. This study concluded that, though pH was significant for the stability of vitamin C, it was not the sole factor in controlling the deterioration of vitamin C in orange juice with storage life (Ajibola, Babatunde and Suleiman, 2009). On the other hand, the loss of vitamin C activity during oxidative degradation of vitamin C occurs with the hydrolysis of the dehydroascorbic acid lactone to yield 2,3-diketogulonic acid. This hydrolysis is favored by alkaline solution. Dehydroascorbic acid is most stable at pH 5.5 but decrease in stability as pH increases which is more than pH 5.5 (Fennmena, 1996). For example, half-time values of dehydroasorbic acid hydrolysis at 23Â °C were 100 and 230 minutes at pH 7.2 and pH 6.6 respectively as shown in Figure 20. At pH 5.0 or below, dehydroascorbic acid was quite stable which decayed by less than 3% over 4 hours. This experiment evaluated the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on delactonization of dehyroascorbic acid over the range of pH 3.0 to pH 8.0. The possible influence of the presence of oxygen was done by equilibrating the reaction mixture before and during the incubation with 100% oxygen or with 100% nitrogen. The results indicated no change in the decay rate of dehydoascorbic acid was obvious with these alterations of atmospheric conditions. The rate of dehydroascorbic acid hydrolysis markedly increases with increasing temperature but was unaffected by the presence of oxygen (Bode, Cunningham and Rose, 1990). Other researchers had proposed a method to determine the effect of pH on the degradation of vitamin C in orange j